Mustafa Lokhandwala

The nose is an essential part of our body. It filters the air you breathe, removing dust, germs, and irritants. It warms and moistens the air to keep your lungs and tubes that lead to them from drying out. Your nose also contains the nerve cells that help your sense of smell. When there is a problem with your nose, your whole body can suffer. For example, the stuffy nose of the common cold can make it hard for you to breathe, sleep, or get comfortable. Let's be nosy and find out standard childhood nose related issues : Bacterial Nasal Infections - Minor infections at the opening of the nose, may result in pimples at the base of nasal hairs and sometimes crusts around the nostrils. The infection may result from nose picking or excessive nose blowing and causes annoying crusts and bleeding when the crusts slough off.Broken Nose - A broken nose, also called a nasal fracture, is a break or crack in a bone in your nose — often the bone over the bridge of your nose. Common causes of a broken nose include contact sports, physical fights, falls, and motor vehicle accidents that result in facial trauma. A broken nose can cause pain, along with swelling and bruising around your nose and under your eyes. Your nose may look crooked, and you may have trouble breathing. Treatment for a broken nose may include procedures that realign your nose. Surgery usually isn't necessary for a broken nose.Deviated Septum - The bone and cartilage that divides the inside of the nose in half is called the nasal septum. The most common symptom from a badly deviated septum is difficulty breathing through the nose, which is usually worse on one side. In some cases, it may cause sinus drainage or repeated sinus infections.Nosebleeds - A nosebleed is blood loss from the tissue that lines your nose. The most common causes of nosebleeds are dryness (often caused by indoor heat in the winter) and nose picking. These two things work together — nose-picking occurs more often when mucus in the nose is dry and crusty. Colds also can cause nosebleeds.Post-Nasal Drip - Post-nasal drip occurs when your nose and throat produce excess mucus, often causing you to feel it dripping down from your nose into your throat. Symptoms include Feeling of mucus drainage into the throat, Frequent swallowing, Throat clearing, Sore, irritated throat &amp; Feeling a lump in the throat.Rhinitis (Hay Fever) -&nbsp;Allergic rhinitis is the most common childhood ailment caused by allergies. Symptoms include a runny and itchy nose, sneezing, post-nasal drip and nasal congestion (blockage). A child with allergies may also have itchy, watery, red eyes and chronic ear problems.Runny Nose - A stuffy or congested nose occurs when the tissues lining the nose become swollen. The swelling is due to inflamed blood vessels. The problem may also include nasal discharge or "runny nose." If excess mucus runs down the back of your throat, it may cause a cough or sore throat. A runny nose may be annoying and uncomfortable, but it usually clears up on its own. Occasionally, it can be a sign of a more severe problem. A runny nose may be severe in infants. Prevention tipsAlthough it may not be possible to prevent all nosebleeds in children, a person can take steps to help reduce their occurrence. These include:·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Treating allergies to prevent inflammation in the nose·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Using saline (saltwater) nasal sprays to keep the child's nose moist·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Running a humidifier or vaporizer in the child's bedroom to prevent the air from drying out·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Keeping children's nails trimmed to prevent injuries due to nose picking·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Encouraging children to wear appropriate protective equipment during sports or other activities where injury to the nose is possible RememberIf your child has symptoms of any of above nose related issues/infection, see your paediatrician. Your paediatrician can properly diagnose and treat the infection and recommend ways to help alleviate the discomfort from some of the symptoms.

The nose is an essential part of our body. When there is a problem with your nose, your whole body can suffer.

Nose related issues in kids

Ravina Sewani

Choking is caused due to an object — usually food or a toy — getting stuck in the airway. Because of this, the air can't flow normally into or out of the lungs, so the child can't breathe properly. Most of the time, the food or object only partially blocks the trachea, which gets removed by the coughing and breathing returns to normal quickly.&nbsp;It's best to do nothing. Watch the child carefully and make sure he or she recovers completely. The child will likely be fine after a good coughing spell. Don't reach into the mouth to grab the object or even pat the child on the back. Either of these steps could push the object farther down the airway and make the situation worse. Stay with the child and remain calm until the episode passes. Sometimes, an object completely blocks the airway. If airflow into and out of the lungs is blocked and the brain is deprived of oxygen, choking can become a life-threatening emergency. A child may need immediate medical help if (s)he:<ul><li>Can't breathe</li><li>Is gasping or wheezing</li><li>Can't talk, cry, or make noise</li><li>Turns blue</li><li>Grabs at his or her throat or waves arms</li><li>Appears panicked</li><li>Becomes limp or unconscious</li></ul> Until the help arrives:<ul><li>In these cases, if you've been trained, immediately start abdominal thrusts, the standard rescue procedure for choking.</li><li>Start CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) right away, if you've been trained in it. If you can see the object in mouth, only then remove the object.</li><li>If you have not been trained, and no one else is available who has been, wait until help arrives.</li></ul> Prevention:<ul><li>All kids are at risk for choking, but those younger than 3 are especially at risk. Young kids tend to put things in their mouths, have smaller airways that are easily blocked, and don't have a lot of experience chewing, so they might swallow things whole.&nbsp;</li><li>Avoid foods that pose choking risks.</li><li>At mealtime, be sure to serve a child's food in small bites.</li><li>Teach kids to sit down for all meals and snacks and not to talk or laugh with food in their mouths.</li><li>Toys and household items also can be choking hazards. Choose safe, age-appropriate toys. Always follow the manufacturer's age recommendations.</li><li>Take the time now to become prepared. CPR and first-aid courses are a must for parents, other caregivers, and babysitters.</li></ul>

Choking is caused due to an object — usually food or a toy — getting stuck in the airway. Because of this, the air can't flow normally into or out of the lungs, so the child can't breathe properly.

Choking in children

Samiksha Choithani

Drowning can happen almost anywhere with any child, remember children can even drown in just an inch of water. Whenever you plan to take a trip which includes water activities, take proper precautions. You should keep an eye on the child at all times. If the child is too young, an adult should accompany him/her all the time. Take inflatables tubes with you which are very useful for young children. Take the following measures in a drowning emergency:<ul><li>Immediately pull the child out of water.</li><li>Start CPR quickly once the child in on floor – CPR is Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, it is an emergency lifesaving procedure performed when the heart stops beating. Immediate CPR can double or triple chances of survival after cardiac arrest. CPR can be performed by Pushing hard and fast in the centre of the chest.</li><li>Keep your ear near the child’s mouth and check whether the child is breathing, if you feel air on your cheek and see the chest moving (not too fast) the situation can be under control.</li><li>If the child is not breathing, place the child on his/her back on floor or bench or any firm surface around&amp; gently press the back</li><li>If you feel it is a head injury, try to move the entire portion (head, neck and spine) in full circle.</li><li>Put your mouth over the child’s mouth and blow in child’s mouth for a second, the child’s chest should blow up while you do this, repeat this if required.</li><li>It should be in the count of 2 blows followed by 30 chest compressions.</li><li>If it is a serious case of an emergency, repeat this until the emergency van arrives.</li></ul>

Chances of drowning can be kept at the minimum by being completely prepared at all times.

Emergency situation with children: Drowning

Treatment for animal bites depends on the type of animal that has bitten your child. Your child's healthcare provider will determine specific treatment for an animal bite. Treatment may include the below: For bites from a household pet that is immunised and in good health:<ul><li>Wash the wound with soap and water from a tap for at least 5 minutes. Don’t scrub the wound as this may bruise the tissue. Apply an antiseptic lotion or cream.</li><li>Watch for signs of infection. These signs include fever, increased redness or pain, swelling, or fluid leaking, or red streaks from the bite. Call your child's healthcare provider right away if you notice any of these.</li></ul> For deeper bites from any animal, or for any bite from an unknown animal:<ul><li>If the bite or scratch is bleeding, apply pressure to it with a clean bandage or towel to stop the bleeding.</li><li>Wash the wound with soap and water from a tap for at least 5 minutes. Don’t scrub the wound as this may bruise the tissue.</li><li>Dry the wound, apply antibiotic ointment, and cover it with a sterile dressing. Don’t use tape to close the wound as it can trap harmful bacteria in the wound.</li><li>Call your child's healthcare provider to decide if more treatment is needed. This may include antibiotics, a tetanus booster, rabies vaccine, or repair of the wound with stitches.</li></ul> Get medical care if:<ul><li>the wound is on the face, neck, hand, foot, or near a joint</li><li>the wound won't stop bleeding after 10 minutes of applying pressure</li><li>the wound appears to be deep, large, or severe</li><li>the attacking animal was stray or wild or behaving strangely</li><li>if there is a broken bone, nerve damage, or serious injury.</li><li>If your child has diabetes or a condition that weakens his/her immune system.&nbsp;</li><li>your child’s last tetanus vaccine was more than 5 years ago.</li><li>the bite or scratch has pus coming out from it, or becomes red, hot, swollen, or increasingly painful</li></ul> Keep in mind:<ul><li>If the animal was unknown, try finding the animal if possible. This is necessary to capture the animal and watch it rabies. Contact the nearest animal control office in your area to capture the animal. If the animal cannot be found or is a high-risk species (raccoon, skunk, or bat), your child may need a series of rabies shots.</li><li>Call your child's healthcare provider for any flu-like symptoms after an animal bite. These symptoms may include fever, headache, ill feeling, loss of appetite, or swollen glands.</li><li>‘Cat scratch disease’ is a bacterial infection that develops from a cat scratch (usually from a kitten) even if the scratch site doesn't look infected. So it is crucial to report to your child’s healthcare provider if a cat has bitten your child.</li></ul> Prevention:<ul><li>Teach your children to stay away from stray animals, and not to tease or provoke any animals, even if it’s family pets.</li><li>Make sure your pet is properly immunised and licensed.</li><li>Never leave your child alone with a pet.</li><li>Stay away from animals that are sick.</li><li>Keep your pets on a leash when in public.</li><li>Do not disturb animals when they are eating or sleeping.</li></ul> In case of a Snake bite: Other than basic procedures carried out during animal bite treatment, snake bites specifically require treatment with antivenom. Prevention of snake bites:<ul><li>Avoid tall grassy areas.</li><li>Wear protective shoes/boots.</li><li>Keep storage areas clear of rodents.</li><li>Remove rubbish and woodpiles from around the home.</li></ul>

Treatment for animal bites depends on the type of animal that has bitten your child.

Animal Bites in children

When your child suddenly has blood running down from their nose, it can be startling. While nosebleeds in children seem dramatic, they’re not usually serious.&nbsp;Nosebleed is caused by the rupturing of tiny blood vessels inside the nose, known as capillaries. There are a few common culprits behind a child’s bloody nose:<ul><li>Dry air: Dry air irritates and dehydrates nasal membranes.</li><li>Scratching or picking: Irritating the nose by scratching or picking can expose blood vessels that are prone to bleeding.</li><li>Trauma: When a child gets an injury to the nose, it can start a nosebleed. Most aren’t a problem, but you should seek medical care if you’re unable to stop the bleeding after 10 minutes.</li><li>Cold, allergies, or sinus infection: Any illness that includes symptoms of nasal congestion and irritation can cause nosebleeds.</li><li>Bacterial infection: Bacterial infections can cause sore, red areas on the skin inside the nose and in the front of the nostrils. These infections can lead to bleeding.</li><li>In rare cases, frequent nosebleeds are caused by problems relating to blood clotting or abnormal blood vessels. If your child experiences nosebleeds that aren’t related to the causes above, raise your concerns with your child’s doctor.</li></ul> Treatment:Make your child sit on a chair. Follow these steps to stop a nosebleed:<ul><li>Keep them upright and gently tilt their head forward slightly. Leaning their head back could cause blood to run down their throat. It will taste bad, and it can make your child cough, gag, or even vomit.</li><li>Pinch the soft part of the nose below the nasal bridge. Have your child breathe through their mouth while you do this.</li><li>Try to maintain pressure for about 10 minutes.</li><li>You can also apply ice to the bridge of the nose, which may reduce blood flow.</li><li>Make your child rest or play quietly after a nosebleed. Encourage them to avoid blowing their nose or rubbing it too hard. Knowing how to slow and stop a nosebleed is a useful skill for any parent.</li></ul> Treating frequent nosebleeds:While some children will only have one or two nosebleeds over a span of years, others seem to get them much more frequently. This can happen when the lining of the nose becomes overly irritated, exposing blood vessels that bleed at even the smallest instigation. If your child has frequent nosebleeds, make a point to moisturise the lining of the nose. For moisturising the lining of the nose, consult your child’s doctor. You child’s doctor may recommend using:<ul><li>A nasal saline mist sprayed into the nostrils a few times a day</li><li>Rubbing an emollient like Vaseline just inside the nostrils on a cotton bud or finger</li><li>A vaporiser in your child’s bedroom to add moisture to the air</li></ul> Call your doctor if:<ul><li>Your child’s nosebleed is the result of something they inserted into their nose</li><li>They recently started taking new medicine</li><li>They have severe bruising all over their body</li><li>You should also contact your doctor immediately if your child’s nosebleed is still bleeding heavily after two attempts at 10 minutes of continuous pressure. You’ll likely need to seek medical care if your child is complaining of headache, or feeling weak or dizzy.</li></ul> Prevention:<ul><li>Since most nosebleeds in kids are caused by nose-picking or irritation from hot dry air, using a few simple tips may help your kids avoid them:</li><li>Keep your child's nails short.</li><li>Keep the inside of your child's nose moist.</li><li>Make sure your kids wear protective gear during sports.</li></ul>

When your child suddenly has blood running down from their nose, it can be startling. While nosebleeds in children seem dramatic, they’re not usually serious.

Nosebleed in children

Most small cuts aren't a danger to children. But larger cuts often need immediate medical treatment.For minor bleeding from a small cut or scrape:<ul><li>Rinse the wound thoroughly with water to clean out dirt and debris.</li><li>Wash the wound with a mild soap and rinse well.</li><li>Cover the wound with a sterile adhesive bandage.</li><li>If the bandage gets wet, remove it and apply a new one.</li><li>Check the wound daily.</li><li>Call your doctor if the wound is red, swollen, tender, warm, or draining pus.</li></ul> For bleeding from a large or deep cut:<ul><li>Rinse off the wound with water. Do not use alcohol, or similar agents to clean the wound. They will cause pain and irritation and will not clean the wound any better than clean water.</li><li>Wash your hands so they are clean before you help your child. Preventing the wound from getting infected is your first priority. Place a piece of sterile gauze or a clean cloth over the wound.</li><li>Using the palm of your hand on the gauze or cloth, apply steady, direct pressure to the wound for 5 minutes.&nbsp;</li><li>If blood soaks through the gauze, do not remove it. Apply another gauze pad on top and continue applying pressure.</li><li>You can use an antibiotic ointment to protect against infection and help keep the bandage from sticking to the wound.</li><li>Once a cut or scrape has formed a scab, you can leave it open to the air.</li></ul> Call your doctor for all large or cuts if:<ul><li>You can't stop the bleeding after 5 minutes of pressure</li><li>Something else stuck in the wound</li><li>The wound is on the child's face or neck</li><li>The cut is more than half an inch long or is deep — large or deep wounds can result in nerve or tendon damage.</li><li>Fever</li></ul>

Most small cuts aren't a danger to children. But larger cuts often need immediate medical treatment.

Cuts and Scrapes in children

Children have a more delicate skin than adults so burns and scalds affect them severely. Burns and scalds are not the same. Burns are caused by dry heat, for example, by an iron or fire. Scalds, on the other hand, are caused by wet heat, for example, hot water or steam. Burns and scalds cause:<ul><li>Red or peeling skin</li><li>Blisters</li><li>Swelling</li><li>White or charred skin&nbsp;</li></ul> Burns are of 3 levels - first, second, and third degree burns:<ul><li>First degree burns are mild causing pain and reddening of the skin. Second degree burns cause redness, swelling, pain, and blistering. Third degree burns cause white, blackened, or charred skin that may be numb.</li><li>First degree burns can be treated at home. Second and third degree burns need medical attention immediately.</li></ul> A few things to keep in mind before treating burns at home:<ul><li>If the source of the burn is electrical, do not touch your child. First turn off the switch.</li><li>If the source of the burn is anything hot or due to any chemical, remove the agent and run cool water over the burn.</li><li>If your child's clothing is on fire, make them stop running, cover their face, drop them to the floor, and extinguish the fire with a blanket. If your child is old enough to understand instructions, ask them to stop walking/running, cover their face with their hands, drop to the floor, and roll on the floor to put the fire out.</li></ul> Treating burns and scalds at home:<ul><li>Soak the burn in cool (not cold) water for at least 15 minutes. Do not use ice.</li><li>If there is any clothing attached with the burn, do not peel it. Cut the extra clothing around it.</li><li>Cover the burn using a clean cloth or an antibiotic ointment.</li><li>Do not pop any blisters.</li><li>If your child is experiencing pain, ask your child's paediatrician to prescribe medication for the pain.</li></ul> Preventing burns:<ul><li>Kids are curious by nature so it is up to parents to take proper precautions which will prevent injuries from burns and scalds. Here are a few things to keep in mind:</li><li>Keep the water temperature for bathing young children between 37 to 38 C.</li><li>Do not leave kids unsupervised in the bathroom or kitchen.</li><li>Keep hot drinks and handles out of reach of children.</li><li>Never carry hot things when holding children.</li></ul> Call the doctor if:<ul><li>The burned area is charred or white.</li><li>Electric shock or chemicals caused the burn.</li><li>The burn is on the face, hands, feet, genitals, or a joint.</li><li>The burn covers 10% or more of the body.</li></ul>

Children have a more delicate skin than adults so burns and scalds affect them severely.

Burns and Scalds

When a part of the body is injured and blood from the damaged capillaries, with no place to go, gets trapped under the skin, forming a red or purplish mark called as a bruise. Bruises can happen for many reasons, but most are the result of bumping and banging into things. Fortunately, the mark isn't permanent. How long do bruises last?<ul><li>Bruises usually fade away in about 2 weeks. Over that time, the bruise changes the colour as the body breaks down and reabsorbs the blood. The colour of the bruise can give you an idea how old it is:</li><li>When a child first gets a bruise, it is reddish as the blood appears under the skin.</li><li>Within 1 or 2 days, the haemoglobin changes the colour to bluish-purple or even blackish.</li><li>After 5 to 10 days, the bruise turns greenish or yellowish.</li><li>Then, after 10 or 14 days, it turns yellowish-brown or light brown.</li><li>Finally, after about 2 weeks, the bruise fades away.</li></ul> Who gets bruises?Anyone can get a bruise. Some people bruise easily, while others don't. Bruising depends on several things:<ul><li>Toughness of the skin tissue</li><li>Certain diseases or conditions</li><li>Whether your child is taking certain medications</li><li>Elderly people bruise easily as the blood vessels tend to become fragile as people get older</li></ul> Treating a bruise:<ul><li>Apply a cold compress to your child’s bruise to help slow down the blood that's flowing to the area, which decreases the amount of blood that ends up leaking into the tissues. It also helps keep the inflammation and swelling down. All you have to do is apply cold to your child’s bruise for 15 to 20 minutes every hour for a day or two after the bruise appears.</li><li>If you are using ice instead of a cold pack, wrap it in a cloth or a towel and place it on the bruise; don't apply the ice directly to the skin.</li><li>To reduce swelling and bruising, elevate the bruised area above the level of the heart. If the bruise is on your child’s knee, make them lie down on a couch or bed and prop their leg up. This will help prevent the blood from pooling in the area because more of the blood will flow back toward your heart. If your child keeps standing, more blood will flow to his/her bruised knee and the bruise will be larger.</li></ul> Minor bruises are easily treated, but talk to a doctor if:<ul><li>A bruise isn't improving after 2 weeks.</li><li>Bruises seem to develop for no known reasons.</li><li>A bruise is swelling and is very painful for your child.</li><li>If your child can't move a joint or if they have a broken bone.</li><li>The bruise is near the eye and your child has difficulty moving his/her eyes or seeing.</li></ul> Prevention:Bruises are kind of hard to avoid completely. Make your there are no pointed furniture in the house to limit bruises for your child.Make them wear protective gear when they are playing sports, riding a bike, inline skating.

When a part of the body is injured and blood from the damaged capillaries, with no place to go, gets trapped under the skin, forming a red or purplish mark called as a bruise.

Bruises in children

As your child is experiencing the new journey of walking, climbing and exploring, it is quite normal to fall down often. This may lead to mild bumps, cuts and bruises. You can treat minor injuries at home. Be patient, without playing a blame game just focus on child’s injuries:<ul><li>Dab the injured part of the body with an ice-pack</li><li>Try to distract the child with toys or stories</li><li>Change the environment to comfort the child</li><li>Let the child rest or sleep for a while</li><li>Watch the injury closely for the next 24 hours to ensure there are no unusual symptoms</li></ul> Consult a paediatrician if:<ul><li>The child vomits more than once after falling</li><li>Is not able to walk properly</li><li>Sleeps very often or finds difficulty in waking up</li></ul>

Kids are curious individuals. No matter how much cautious you are, they are bound to fall and get an injury some or the other day. Maintain your cool and do the best that you can to comfort your child.

emergency parenting concerns

Parenting issues are a part of the everyday parenting journey. Following article(s) might help you with your concern(s).