Ravina Sewani

<ul><li>Earaches in children are common. An earache may affect one or both ears, but the majority of the time it’s in one ear. Earaches can be constant or come and go, and the pain may be dull, sharp, or burning.</li><li>Kids below 5 years are at a higher risk for ear infections. Young children with ear infections get fussy and irritable. They may also tug or rub their ears.</li></ul> Symptoms:<ul><li>Ear pain (when chewing, sucking, or lying down)</li><li>Redness of the ear</li><li>Swelling of the ear</li><li>Pulling or rubbing the ears</li><li>Leakage from the ear</li><li>Trouble hearing</li><li>Ear fullness&nbsp;</li><li>Ear popping</li><li>Fussiness</li><li>Vomiting</li><li>Headache</li><li>Fever</li><li>Loss of balance</li><li>Difficulty sleeping</li></ul> Causes:<ul><li>Ear infections - outer, middle, or inner ear</li><li>Change in pressure, such as when flying on a plane</li><li>Earwax buildup</li><li>A foreign object in the ear</li><li>Sinus infection</li><li>Shampoo or water trapped in the ear</li><li>Use of cotton swabs in the ear</li><li>Referred pain - when the pain is felt somewhere other than the infection or injured site. For example, pain that originates in the jaw or teeth may be felt in the ear.</li></ul> Diagnosis:Your child's doctor will use an otoscope to look at the ears, throat and nasal passage. (S)he will might also listen to your child breathe with a stethoscope. Sometimes, doctors might use a Pneumatic otoscope to diagnose an ear infection. The doctor might perform other tests if there is any doubt about a diagnosis.<ol><li>Tympanometry: This test measures the movement of the eardrum.</li><li>Acoustic reflectometry: This test measures how much sound is reflected back from the eardrum.</li><li>Tympanocentesis: An instrument to drain the fluid from the middle ear. This fluid is then tested for viruses and bacteria.</li></ol> Visiting the doctor:<ul><li>If your child has a persistent fever of 104º F (40º C) or higher, seek medical attention.</li><li>For an infant, seek medical help immediately for a fever higher than 101º F (38º C).</li><li>You should also seek immediate medical attention if your child has severe pain which stops suddenly. This could be a sign of the eardrum rupturing.</li></ul> Treating earaches at home:<ul><li>Place a warm compress carefully over your child's ear for approximately 20 minutes.</li><li>Apply a cold washcloth to the ear.</li><li>Avoid getting the ear wet.</li><li>Sit upright to help relieve ear pressure.</li><li>Feed an infant to help them relieve their pressure.</li></ul> Medical treatment:<ul><li>If your child doesn't have too much discomfort or a high fever, the doctor will likely wait 24 to 48 hours (1 to 2 days) to see if the ear infection gets better on its own.</li><li>Your child's doctor will prescribe oral antibiotics or ear drops if the earache does not resolve on its own. In some cases, (s)he can prescribe both.</li></ul> Prevention:<ul><li>Make sure your child gets the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and the flu vaccine, which may reduce their odds of getting middle ear infections.</li><li>Do not clean ears with cotton swabs or sharp objects.</li><li>Dry the ears after swimming or bathing.</li><li>Avoid secondhand smoke.</li><li>Make sure your child has a habit of washing his/her hands.</li><li>Don't give a bottle when your baby is lying down.</li><li>Ask the doctor if earplugs and special ear drops are a good idea if your child swims a lot.</li></ul>

Here are Earache Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention, Diagnosis, and Home remedies.

All about earaches

Samiksha Choithani

Babies sometimes have their favourite side, and only prefer to take feed from one breast. At times it is because that particular side produces more milk or sometimes it is the side that produces less. The baby might avoid the most productive side as (s)he may not want the milk to gush out quickly that forces them to gulp fast.<ul><li>You can try offering one breast first, and then the second. Pump on the side that is not preferred by the baby as the baby might get frustrated if you forcefully offer both sides.</li><li>Keep a track of urine, stool and weight of the baby, if that is on track, let the baby feed on his/her preferred side and you can pump the other side.</li><li>If the baby isn’t gaining weight, try to feed the pumped milk from the other breast or try new positions to make the baby feel comfortable on both sides.</li><li>If the problem is with nipples, the baby may prefer to latch the one that is fully engorged. Try to talk to your gynaec, they will help you to pull the nipple on the other side (it is little painful) but once done, baby and mommy will be comfortable throughout the breastfeeding journey.</li></ul>

Many babies have a favourite side to feed on. However, if you are experiencing a problem with that, the situation can always be improved.

When baby prefers one breast!

Milk allergy, also known as Cow Milk’s Protein Allergy (CMPA), is an immune response triggered against the proteins present in the milk, which the body perceives as a threat and mounts a reaction.Even though milk allergy is one of the top food allergies, your little one is less likely to develop a severe reaction. Symptoms:<ul><li>Nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing or dry cough</li><li>Eczema (a dry, itchy rash) or hives (reddish, swollen, itchy areas on the skin)</li><li>Redness of the skin around the mouth or eyes</li><li>Itchy mouth, ear canal or lip swelling, odd taste in the mouth</li><li>Nausea or vomiting, diarrhoea or stomach pain</li><li>Severe reactions include loss of consciousness, chest pain, turning pale, shortness of breath, trouble swallowing, or anaphylaxis.</li></ul> Diagnosis:<ul><li>Always get your child diagnosed by a healthcare expert and never on your own. Never self-assume that your child has a peanut allergy. Commercial home test kits for self-diagnosis are not recommended as they may not be of the required standards.</li><li>Your child’s paediatrician may recommend that your child undertake tests like skin prick test, blood test or food/drug challenge. These tests must be performed under medical supervision as these tests might trigger an allergic reaction. Along with these tests, your child’s paediatrician will also examine your child's medical/family history, existing conditions like asthma and eczema.</li></ul> Cow Milk Protein Allergy can be present in two forms:Breast-fed children can develop CMPA before they turn 6 months and rarely after they are a year old. Most children either outgrow this allergy, and some learn to tolerate this. Children with eczema, asthma or hay fever have a higher likelihood of developing CMPA.&nbsp;Children develop CMPA due to one of these reasons&nbsp;– formula milk containing cow milk’s proteins, breastfeeding mother consuming cow milk, or a child consuming cow milk.&nbsp;Cow milk's allergy can be present in two forms:<ul><li>An 'immediate response' from minutes to hours and a 'delayed' type onset over hours to days. The “delayed” type is more common in children.</li><li>Fortunately, most children outgrow cow milk’s allergy in their early childhood.</li><li>Keep in mind that well-boiled or heated milk does not alter the structure of CMP or make it any less allergic.</li></ul> To alleviate CMPA, a breastfeeding mother should cut off products containing CMP from her diet until the child is weaned off from breastfeeding altogether. For formula milk, your child’s doctor may prescribe a hydrolysed formula that breaks the proteins. The majority of the children with CMPA can tolerate baked food due to different ingredients binding together. A doctor may advise you to introduce baked milk under medical supervision to improve your child's CMPA. If your child can tolerate it, a 'milk ladder' may then be recommended. A milk ladder is a structured approach to reintroduce milk protein products and is tailor-made for each child. Please make sure to inform your child's school, caregivers, or places frequently visited by your child's milk allergy and the possible alternatives in the diet. Milk allergy and lactose intolerance:<ul><li>Milk allergy is entirely different from milk intolerance.</li><li>Milk (lactose) intolerance triggers abdominal symptoms like diarrhoea, gas, or cramps due to the absence/deficiency of an enzyme called Lactase that helps digestion of milk sugar called 'Lactose'. Lactose intolerance can occur at any age but more commonly seen in babies and young children following infections, medications, or inflammatory bowel conditions.</li></ul> Alternative to cow’s milk:<ul><li>Consult your child’s paediatrician before selecting any alternative of milk for your child.</li><li>Milk from other mammals like sheep, goats, buffalo may also cause allergic reactions as they share similar proteins with cow's milk at varying levels.</li><li>Amino Acid-based Formulas (AAF) are recommended for children with a severe sensitivity to milk proteins.</li><li>It is not recommended to give other types of milk like rice milk, almond milk, soy milk to babies as it is not safe to use in children during the weaning period.</li><li>Formula based on soy proteins may be advised for infants over 6 months of age.</li></ul> Foods to avoid:<ul><li>If your child has CMPA, it is recommended to avoid milk proteins. As milk proteins may be found in the following food/food products, you must identify the variants.</li><li>Dairy products like yoghurt or curd, pudding, cheese, cottage cheese, sour cream, cream, custard, butter, ghee, whey, etc.</li><li>Particular food or drugs containing casein or its variants, lactose, lactulose, lactalbumin, lactoalbumin phosphate, lactoferrin, and cow's milk proteins.</li></ul> Other potential sources are:<ul><li>Chocolate, candies, nougat</li><li>Ice creams</li><li>Bakery products</li><li>Some medications/supplements</li><li>Artificial butter flavour</li></ul> Cow milk’s ladder:<ul><li>Milk Ladder is a guide to gradually introduce cow milk proteins in children who have a milk allergy. This is a reintroduction.</li><li>The first step of the ladder is to introduce baked products, progressing to less-treated milk products. It ends with a more allergenic form of cow's milk protein.</li><li>It is observed that few children can tolerate baked or well-heated milk.</li><li>The milk ladder may have eggs, soy or wheat. If your child is allergic to any other food, it is advisable to consult your child’s paediatrician for alternate options.</li></ul>

Milk allergy is one of the most common food allergies.

Milk Allergies in Babies

Palak Vyas

Drooling is saliva coming out of baby’s mouth. Generally drooling in the early developmental stages of the child is completely normal. It is a part of physical development. It is common for baby to drool till 2 years. But if the child is drooling even after 4 years, it is not normal. Main causes of drooling:<ul><li>Teething: Drooling is common in babies during their teething periods.</li><li>Open mouth posture: Drooling happens when the baby does not have enough muscle control to contain the saliva that the body produces. The baby still has poor mouth and tongue control resulting in drooling.</li><li>Nasal congestion: When the child breathes through his/her mouth due to nasal congestion, (s)he starts drooling during sleep.</li></ul> Treatment:<ul><li>Usually the baby stops drooling by the time (s)he is 2 years.</li><li>Parents can work on improving child’s posture.</li><li>Try reducing nose blockage.</li><li>Medication can be given to help reduce the amount of saliva produced in case of excessive drooling.</li><li>Doctor can recommend injections or surgery depending upon the severity of the case.</li></ul>

Saliva drooling is very common among children and usually resolves by the age of 2 years.

Saliva drooling in children

Alihusen Momin

Physical Deformity in another words are called physical abnormality; Birth Defect; Congenital Abnormality; Congenital Anomaly; Congenital Disorder; Congenital Defect. A congenital deformity or physical abnormality is a change in the normal size or shape of a body part caused by a condition that a baby is born with. Deformities can be:congenital: present at birthdevelopmental: appearing later in childhoodacquired: caused by injuries or illnesses that were not present at birthCommon congenital deformities include cleft lips and palates, clubfeet, spina bifida, and spinal deformities like scoliosis, kyphosis, and hyperlordosis. Most congenital deformities are caused by abnormal genetic coding, but some can be due to infections or environmental factors — such as alcohol abuse — that affect the mother and fetus during pregnancy. Congenital deformities can range from mild to severe. Mild deformities might not be visible or cause any symptoms. In severe cases, deformities can be readily apparent, cause pain, interfere with the movement and functioning of affected body parts, and negatively affect self-image. Treatment depends on the specific deformity and often includes surgery or the use of corrective devices like back braces and leg casts. Keep in MindMany congenital deformities can't be seen, won't cause any problems, and will never need treatment. Others respond very well to treatment, especially if it begins as soon as a doctor thinks a baby is ready for it. Cleft lips and palates, for example, can be corrected through surgery; and spinal deformities and clubfeet often can be successfully realigned through bracing and casting.

A congenital deformity or physical abnormality is a change in the normal size or shape of a body part caused by a condition that a baby is born with.

Physical Deformity in children

Peanut allergy triggers an immune response towards the proteins present in peanuts. It is one of the most common food allergies.Peanuts grow underground and are different from tree nuts.Please note that having a peanut allergy does not mean being allergic towards all nuts.Peanut allergy is usually developed in early childhood but can develop later in life as well. Diagnosis:Never self-assume that your child has peanut allergy. Always get your child diagnosed by a healthcare expert. The doctor may recommend that your child undertake tests like skin prick test, blood test or food challenge. It is important that these tests are performed under medical supervision as these tests might trigger an allergic reaction. Who is at risk?<ul><li>Family history: Your child has a higher risk of developing peanut allergy if it runs in your family.</li><li>Existing allergy: Having one food allergy may sometimes lead to some other food allergy to develop.</li></ul> Symptoms of peanut allergy:<ul><li>Itching</li><li>Rashes</li><li>Vomiting</li><li>Diarrhoea</li><li>Swelling of the lips or tongue or face</li><li>Throat constriction</li><li>Difficulty in breathing</li><li>Peanut allergy may sometimes also cause a life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis which constricts the airway passage and requires immediate medical attention.</li></ul> Myths about peanut allergy:1. Myth: Peanut allergy is more common than other food allergies in children.Fact: No, Peanut allergy is not 'the' most common food allergy. Egg and milk are more common food allergies. 2. Myth: Peanut allergy is only developed in childhood and then stays on for life.Fact: Even though it is common in childhood, peanut allergy can develop at any age. A small percentage of children tend to outgrow peanut allergy but in most cases, it is permanent. 3. Myth: The allergic reaction develops immediately and of same intensity every time.Fact: In most cases, the reactions begin within minutes but in some cases, the allergic reaction might take a few hours as well. Also, the intensity of the allergic reaction is also not the same every time. 4. Myth: I can diagnose my child’s food allergies myself.Fact: While you can gauge your child’s allergic symptoms, they should always be diagnosed by healthcare expert. Commercial home test kits for self-diagnosis are not recommended as they may not be of the required standards. 5. Myth: If a dish or a food product does not list peanut, then it is safe.Fact: No, you must clarify and always pay close attention to the ingredients in a food product or a dish which is served to your child. Teach your child to develop the same practice as well. 6. Myth: Peanut allergy can be cured permanently.Fact: Researches are going on but there are no permanent cures for peanut allergy as of now. 7. Myth: Consumption of trace amounts of peanut-based food won't cause any problem.Fact: No, even a trace amount of peanut-based food can cause a severe reaction. Prevention:<ul><li>Studies suggest that if infants are introduced to peanut-based food then the chances of developing the allergy later are less. But such steps should always be taken under proper guidance of your child’s paediatrician.</li><li>Introducing peanuts in your baby’s diet:</li><li>If your child has any other food allergy already, it is better to first consult your child’s paediatrician and then introduce peanuts under doctor’s guidance.</li><li>You can introduce peanuts in your baby’s diet when your child starts eating solid food. Introduce peanuts in the form of a puree and not as whole. Observe for 10 to 30 minutes after feeding for any allergic reactions. If you find something wrong, consult your child’s paediatrician soon.</li></ul> Steps to take after reaction against peanuts get triggered:<ul><li>If your child has mistakenly consumed a food containing peanuts, the immune reaction gets triggered a few minutes to an hour.</li><li>The immune reaction varies every time and varies from child to child.</li><li>These immune reactions range from mild (itching or rashes) to severe life-threatening ones (breathing trouble or 'Anaphylaxis').</li><li>When your child shows mild reaction: Give your child doctor recommended medicines and take him/her to the doctor once your child starts feeling better.</li><li>When the reaction is severe: Give the medications recommended for such a condition as soon as possible and seek medical attention immediately.</li><li>Always keeps medications of allergies handy for your child.</li></ul> Therapies or treatments commonly used to treat peanut allergies:<ul><li>Antihistamine medicines for mild allergic reactions</li><li>Use Adrenaline auto-injectors (AAI) for severe allergic reaction like anaphylaxis. It is an injector pen that releases a prescribed dosage of adrenaline into the blood.</li><li>Always keep AAI handy because only AAIs can be used in treating severe cases of allergy reaction. Learn how to properly use an AAI on your child. These injector pens are usually used on the outer mid-thigh muscle.</li></ul> Following few alternative therapies are being tried as a long-term cure:<ul><li>Skin patch: It is a small adhesive patch which can be used topically on skin. It releases peanut proteins in small amounts into the blood. These are used to protect against accidental cases of exposure or consumption of peanuts.</li><li>Oral Immunotherapy (OIT): In this therapy, peanut protein based foods are given in small amounts to children known to have peanut allergy. Gradually the amount of such foods is progressively increased to develop tolerance against peanut proteins. Note: Do not go for this therapy without consulting your child’s paediatrician as this method can have serious consequences.</li></ul> Outgrowing peanut allergy:<ul><li>It is very rare that children would outgrow their peanut allergies as peanut allergies tend to stay on for life.</li><li>Peanut and other nut allergies:</li><li>Peanuts are legumes so it is rare that children with peanut allergy would develop allergies to tree nuts (eg. walnuts, almonds).</li><li>Sometimes, children with peanut allergies might develop allergies to other legumes like lupin or sesame.</li></ul> Foods to avoid or things to take care of if the child has peanut allergy:<ul><li>Develop a habit of reading the food labels for ingredients and allergy information.</li><li>Teach your child to mention about the allergy whenever he/she goes to visit someone.</li><li>Be careful about the possibility of cross-contact; especially when visiting a restaurant.</li></ul> Check the labels/ingredients of:<ul><li>Ice creams, candy, nougat, pancakes, egg rolls, and salad dressing</li><li>Sauces such as pesto, gravy, chilli / hot sauce, and enchilada sauce</li><li>If there is equipment sharing between peanuts and other nuts, be careful about the same.</li><li>Food or drinks such as hot chocolate, cookies, pudding, pies or other baked foods</li><li>Vegetarian food labelled as meat substitutes</li><li>Pet food (cross-contact risk) or compost used as fertiliser may also contain peanut shells (cross-contact risk).</li></ul>

Peanut allergies tend to stay on for life so it is very important to stay conscious and aware all the time.

Peanut allergy

Oral Allergy Syndrome (OAS) or Pollen-Fruit Syndrome (PFS) is a type of contact allergy resulting in a local reaction in the mouth or throat following ingestion of certain foods (raw veggies and fruits).This is commonly seen in children who are highly sensitive to pollen due to the cross-reactivity between the allergy-causing pollen proteins and proteins present in certain foods or vice versa. Symptoms:<ul><li>Symptoms of an OAS are common during the pollen season.</li><li>If a child allergic to pollen develops an allergic reaction in the pollen season against a specific fruit or vegetable, it is not a 'true food allergy' but cross-reactivity.</li><li>True Food Allergy is an allergy to the proteins present in the food and is diagnosed by healthcare professionals based on the symptoms, history, and tests if required.</li><li>OAS is diagnosed by evaluating clinical history, followed by a skin prick test containing extracts of pollen and the specific food if required.</li><li>Symptoms of an OAS are immediate within a few minutes, with a rapid onset of itching or swelling of mouth, throat, tongue or face. These symptoms usually disappear in a few minutes as well. The reactions of OAS are usually mild and can be treated by giving your child antihistamine medication prescribed by your doctor.</li></ul>

Oral Allergy Syndrome (OAS) is a local allergic reaction in mouth and throat.

Oral Allergy Syndrome

Noisy breathing is mostly caused by a partial blockage or narrowing at some point in the airways (respiratory tract). This can occur in the mouth or nose, in the throat, in the larynx also called as a voice box, in the trachea (breathing tube), or further down into the lungs. It is created by turbulent, or irregular, airflow caused by the narrowed airway. This can create the collapse of surrounding tissues or can be a single fixed point of narrowing. One type of noisy breathing is Stertor. This implies a noise created in the nose or the back of the throat. It is typically low-pitched and most closely sounds like nasal congestion you might experience with a cold, or like the sound made with snoring. Stridor is a higher-pitched noise that occurs with obstruction in or just below the voice box. Determination of whether stridor occurs during inspiration, expiration, or both helps to define the level of obstruction. Wheezing is a high-pitched noise that occurs during expiration. Wheezing typically is due to narrowing, spasm, or obstruction of the smaller airways in the lungs. What Are Some Causes of Noisy Breathing?<ul><li>Infection- Viral or bacterial infections can cause swelling of the tissues in the airway (such as cold-causing nasal congestion) anywhere from the nose to the lungs. Depending on the type of infection, this could be treated with supportive care, medications, or more invasive intervention. Croup is an example of a viral infection that causes swelling and related narrowing of both the larynx and trachea.</li><li>Fixed narrowing of the airway at birth- certain conditions can cause a child to be born with a narrowed airway. This can occur at multiple points in the respiratory tract. An example of this includes congenital subglottic stenosis.</li><li>Abnormal swelling or growth within the respiratory tract can cause obstruction. Swelling or scarring can cause acquired subglottic stenosis. This could also include a cyst or vascular birthmark (hemangioma) in the airway. A foreign object or food item can be aspirated (sucked into) the airway and can cause obstruction and noisy breathing.</li><li>Floppy tissues in the respiratory tract can cause noisy breathing. This is because of the collapse of these tissues into the airway. This can partially obstruct airflow and cause a collapse of surrounding tissues. Examples of this include pharyngomalacia, laryngomalacia, tracheomalacia, and bronchomalacia.</li><li>Compression of the airway from an external structure. This can be due to a crossing blood vessel, the heart, or other structures outside of the airway that put pressure on the airway and cause collapse.</li><li>Spasm of the airways related to underlying medical conditions, like asthma, or due to irritants in the environment.</li><li>Problems with the vocal cords moving normally. This can occur with Vocal Cord Paralysis, or with Paradoxical Vocal Cord Dysfunction (PVCD)</li><li>Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis can cause a problem with the voice and can also cause noisy breathing.</li></ul> How Is Noisy Breathing Evaluated?Evaluation of noisy breathing starts with obtaining a history and performing a physical examination. This information is critical in narrowing down the cause of noisy breathing and in determining how severe the symptoms are. Important aspects of the history include whether it was present at birth, or has developed later on, and the time course over which it has developed. Certain characteristics of the noisy breathing help us to determine the location of narrowing. These include whether noisy breathing occurs on inspiration, expiration, or both. The pitch and loudness of noisy breathing is also an important factor. Depending on the history and examination findings, your Pediatric Otolaryngologist may recommend an In-Office Laryngoscopy/Nasopharyngoscopy or an Operative Laryngoscopy and Bronchoscopy. At times, certain X-Rays or other tests, like Sleep Studies and Swallowing Studies may be recommended. What Is the Treatment for Noisy Breathing?Many treatment options are available for noisy breathing and depend on the cause of the symptoms. At times, monitoring and supportive care are recommended. Certain medications may be helpful in treating symptoms or managing related conditions. For more severe issues, surgery may be recommended. Your Pediatric Otolaryngologist will discuss all possible treatment options with you and make recommendations for the most appropriate treatment. What Are Concerning Symptoms That I Should Look for in My Child with Noisy Breathing?It can be difficult for a parent or family member to discern the severity of a problem when there is noisy breathing. If you are concerned, we urge you to seek medical evaluation immediately. In particular, signs that indicate more severe conditions include: irritability, poor feeding, pulling in of the skin at the collar bone, between the ribs, or under the ribs, flaring of the nose, increasing effort to breathe, and poor weight gain or weight loss, especially in infants. Symptoms that should trigger emergent evaluation include pauses in the breathing, color change of the skin (particularly if the lips, face, or hands are turning blue), drooling, appearing lethargic or tired, or any other sudden change from a child’s normal breathing pattern. If any of these or other concerning signs develop, please seek immediate medical attention.

Noisy breathing is very common in children and can be a sign of many different conditions, some of which are very benign and some of which require urgent treatment.

What is Noisy Breathing or Stertor or Stridor or Wheezing

Causes:Blindness&nbsp;may be due to genetic mutations, birth defects, premature birth, nutritional deficiencies, infections, injuries, and other causes. Symptoms:<ul><li>Pupils are unequal in size.</li><li>Pupils appear white instead of black.</li><li>Eyes don’t move when an object or face is moving in front of it.</li><li>Crossed eyes.</li><li>Eyes flutter from side to side or up and down.</li><li>Eyes do not seem to focus.</li><li>Clumsy behaviour such as knocking things over or bumping into things.</li><li>Repeated shutting or covering of one eye.</li><li>Avoiding tasks that require good vision.</li><li>Frequent squinting and blinking.</li><li>Sitting too close to the TV, holding books too close to the face.</li><li>Face crunching and eye rubbing.</li></ul> Diagnosis: After you observe above symptoms in your child, take him/her to an opthalmologist for thorough examination and diagnosis as there are different types of blindness. An opthalmologist will examine each eye by measuring the visual field, peripheral vision, and visual acuity. Types of Blindness:<ol><li>Colour Blindness: It is the inability to identify the difference between a few shades of colours.</li><li>Night Blindness: It is the difficulty to see under poorly illuminated situations.</li><li>Snow Blindness: It is the loss of vision after excessive exposure to UV light.</li><li>Unilateral Blindness: It is the loss of vision in only one of the eyes</li><li>Bilateral Blindness: It is the loss of vision in both the eyes.</li><li>Congenital Blindness: It is the inability to see from birth.</li></ol> Treatment:<ol><li>Make sure you take an appointment with an ophthalmologist if you do notice any of the above signs and symptoms affecting your kid. Also remember to get a routine check-up done to ensure proper progress and eye health.</li><li>In certain eye problems, wearing glasses or contact lenses may help your kid in seeing better.</li><li>Certain eye problems can be tackled by performing a surgery. In all cases, treatment of the eye problem totally depends on the cause.</li><li>In some cases, children may suffer from vision problems due to nutritional deficiencies and following a healthy diet could help solve the problem.</li><li>Cataract surgeries and certain forms of medications and eye drops could also be a treatment option for some children affected by treatable forms of visual impairment.</li></ol> Prevention: Whether a blindness is preventable or not, can only be identified by an opthalmologist because prevention, like treatment, depends on the type of blindness. Raising a visually impaired child:Connecting to the right kind of people and finding proper guidance can be a lot of help. Here are some tips you can follow to make this journey better and easier:&nbsp;<ol><li>Find your support system: The people who would understand what you are going through and offer relevant advice. Connect with other parents going through the same situation.</li><li>Follow a positive attitude: It is going to be okay! You and the child both will work it out eventually.</li><li>Do not worry about a child's future. Just be rational and practical and believe that it is always going to be better. See how you grow through this experience.</li><li>Read some articles: Go through some of the materials online or just consult your doctor. Ask for some suggestions and maybe read a book or an article on what can make your journey more fulfilling for you and your child. See how you can better the process. A few articles will help for sure.</li><li>Join some organisations: There are some private and government-based organisations you can join. They have nominal fees. These organisations are of great help because they can provide you with every small detail, the problem along with their solutions.</li><li>Educate your family: Introduce your family and extended family and friends to hows and whats of the process. So the child gets similar treatment and it gets easy for everyone to communicate and understand better.</li><li>Most important of all is time and again, take a break. Do not feel alone or weak in the process. The challenges are big sometimes but there is always a way out. You will conquer it. So just go easy on yourself and your child too.</li><li>There are special schools for children with special needs. Their ways of teaching are different and are in accordance with the child’s special needs. Your child will gradually adapt to the situation and you too will cope with it.</li></ol>

Here are Blindness Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention, and Diagnosis.

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